Childhood Stage
The childhood stage lasts from about age 1 to 12 and is a time of fast growth, learning, and exploration. Early childhood is from around ages 2-5 years. Middle childhood is from 6-10 years and late childhood is from 11-12 years (preadolescence). During this period, children develop important physical, mental, language, and social skills. They learn to walk, talk, play with others, follow rules, and express emotions. Most importantly, every child grows at their own pace and differences are normal. A healthy environment, good nutrition, and supportive relationships help children build a strong foundation for the future with confidence and independence.
Early childhood is a time full of curiosity and imagination which aids in growth. Between ages two and five children learn to walk, run, and play with confidence while developing problem-solving skills. They start to express emotions, build friendships, and understand rules like sharing and taking turns. Pretend play, art, and exploration help them learn about the world and themselves. During this stage encouragement and play are key to building confidence and creativity.
Early Childhood
(2-5 years)
Middle childhood is when kids grow stronger, smarter, and more independent. From ages six to ten children become more coordinated, learn in school, and begin thinking more logically. They form close friendships through developing empathy and start to understand their strengths. This stage is important for building self-esteem, teamwork, and responsibility. Encouraging learning and positive social experiences helps children thrive in and out of school.
Middle Childhood
(6–10 years)
Late childhood is a bridge between childhood and adolescence. Around ages eleven to twelve children become more aware of their total surroundings, often showing early signs of emotional maturity. They start to think more abstractly, set personal goals, and value friendships. This is a time of growing independence and self discovery. Open communication, and guidance from parents or mentors help children feel confident as they enter their teen years.
Late Childhood
(11-12 years)
The Teen
Connection
Why does it matter for teens?
Understanding childhood development helps teens see how people grow, learn, and change, including themselves. It explains why younger kids think and act differently, to help teens build patience and empathy when interacting with them. Teens can also reflect on their own growth and how their confidence, independence, and social skills have evolved since childhood. This knowledge is especially useful for future careers and endeavors. It reminds teens that every stage of growing up has a purpose and that success can be achieved by building strong foundations from early on.
Healthy Minds: Psychology Corner
Jean Piaget's Theory of Childhood Development
Pre-operational stage (2-7 years) ---
The Pre-Operational Stage is when children start using words, pictures, and imagination to understand the world. They learn through pretend play and can think symbolically. However, they often see things only from their own point of view. At this age, kids may not yet understand conservation, which is the idea that something stays the same even if its shape changes.
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Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) ---
The Concrete Operational Stage is when children begin to think more logically and understand the world in an organized way. They start to grasp conservation (realizing that things stay the same even if the shape changes). They are able to see things from other people’s perspectives (less egocentric). They also begin to use logic to solve problems and understand cause and effect. Overall, this stage marks a big step toward more logical and thoughtful thinking.
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years 18 months to 3 years)---
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is the second stage of psychosocial development, from around 18 months to 3 years old. During this stage, children start to do things on their own, like feeding themselves or using the toilet. The main challenge is learning to balance independence with guidance. If encouraged, children develop confidence and a sense of autonomy (independence). But if they are overly criticized or controlled, they may develop shame and doubt in their abilities.
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​Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years 3 to 5) ---
Initiative vs. Guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development around ages 3 to 5 years (preschool). In this stage, children start to show initiative by taking charge in play and making choices. They begin to assert control over their world and actions. When supported, kids develop confidence and a sense of purpose. But if they are overly criticized, they may feel guilt for wanting to act independently.
Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11) ---
Industry vs. Inferiority is the fourth stage of the psychosocial development theory between ages 6 and 11 (school). During this time, children focus on learning new things and gaining confidence in their abilities. Success in school, sports, or friendships helps them develop a sense of industry (feeling capable and accomplished). However, if they struggle they may feel inferior and doubt their abilities.
Glossary
Jean Piaget
a Swiss psychologist who studied how children think and learn. He discovered that kids go through specific stages of mental development